Known safety concerns, contraindications, and age-stratified risk factors.
Adolescence (Open Growth Plates)
Androgens accelerate bone maturation, causing premature closure of epiphyseal growth centres and permanently shorter adult stature.
Pregnancy and Women (Virilisation Risk)
High risk of irreversible masculinisation: deepening voice, hirsutism, and clitoromegaly.
Known or Suspected Prostate Cancer
Known or suspected carcinoma of the prostate or breast in males is an absolute contraindication.
Uncontrolled Cardiovascular Disease
Pre-existing hypertension or heart failure. Edema from sodium retention can worsen congestive heart failure.
Anticoagulant Therapy
Testosterone increases the activity of oral anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin). Requires close monitoring and potential dose reduction of the anticoagulant.
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Testosterone improves glucose metabolism and may reduce insulin requirements. Requires monitoring and dose adjustment of insulin.